We have had a similar issue here at our school. INstalled Adobe CS6 on our Windows 7 workstations. Allowed the software to run for students via group policies.
Ran fine for faculty and admins. For students, all of CS6 ran with the exception of Premiere Pro. That application would launch and then bomb out with no error message.
After 16 man hours and 4 phone calls to Adobe support, we finally found the soliution.
In Group Policies, gave our students unrestricted access to C:\Program Files (x86)\Common Files\Adobe.
Within this folder, there are many subfolders with executables that apparently run in the background. In all there are 60 executables there.
The way we found it was through and administrative event viewer that referred to updatestarterutilty.exe, switchboard.exe and dynamiclinkmanger.exe being blocked by group policies.
By the way, Adobe support told us that users had to be local admins of the machines. In a high school setting, this is simply not an option. By posting this, I hope to save other school admins the time and frustration that we experienced.